Plant tissue culture

1) Lecture overview on plant tissue culture:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lzOjd9Izn8


2) Video and picture of plant tissue culture technique:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Y4dCVrl37k&list=FL-cFTJ8NxBjonnjuwSQgSsw




3) Picture of callus:

Genetic engineering of pGLO plasmid

Bacterial cultures

http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bsci111a/microbiology/supplemental.htm

DNA transformation

http://www.dnalc.org/view/15918-Transformation.html

Photosynthesis Tutorial Essay Q13 [8]

·         Light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP.

·         Consist of cyclic photophosphorylation involving only photosystem I and

non-cyclic photophosphorylation involving both photosystems II and I.

·         Light energy captured by pigments/light harvesting complexes passed to

special chlorophyll a, causing excitation of electrons to

higher energy level, which is subsequently captured by primary electron acceptor.

·         For cyclic photophosphorylation, excited electrons are returned back to

special chlorophyll a (final electron acceptor), after passing down chain of electron carriers and proton pumps.

·         For non-cyclic photophosphorylation, Photosystem I receives replacement of

electrons from photosystem II,

·         photosystem II receives replacement of electrons from photolysis of water with

production of oxygen as byproduct.

·         Excited electrons are passed along a chain of electron carriers of progressively

lower energy level/electron transport chain, energy released used by proton pumps to

pump H+ from stroma into thylakoid space.

·         Creating a proton gradient across thylakoid membrane.

·         ATP synthase harness proton gradient/proton motive force to generate ATP as

H⁺ diffuse back into stroma via ATP synthase.

·         Chemiosmosis couples energy released from passage of electrons down

electron transport chain to active transport of H⁺ from stroma into thylakoid space

via proton pumps.

·         For non-cyclic photophosphorylation, NADP reductase combines electrons with H⁺

and NADP⁺ (final electron acceptor) to form NADPH for use in Calvin cycle.

Absorption and action spectra